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Both provisions are enforceable through private causes of action.
First, it is unclear whether the above legal instruments are enforceable through a court.
These sections are enforceable through private causes of action, whose remedies are coextensive with those available in a private action under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Such a cause of action, although private, involves state action within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment, and therefore triggers the First Amendment's protections, since promissory estoppel is a state law doctrine creating legal obligations never explicitly assumed by the parties that are enforceable through the Minnesota courts' official power.
Related to this point, WTO obligations of this kind are enforceable through a sophisticated dispute settlement system, with a highly respected appeals process.
Similar(55)
Consider the fact that, if you buy a mobile phone at a store in London and it turns out to be faulty, you have a right, which is enforceable through the courts, to have it replaced or repaired by the seller.
In doing so, they created the possibility of a judge in the developing world issuing a ruling that would be enforceable through U.S. courts.
In countries where this right is enforceable through the courts, it may provide a pathway for disadvantaged and vulnerable groups to challenge the denial of basic health rights.
Thus the horizontal service contract was nested in a set of vertical performance agreements between LHBs or hospital trusts and regional offices, which were enforceable through hierarchical management processes.
These two provisions, which comprise the heart of the Sherman Act, are enforceable by the Department of Justice through litigation in the federal courts.
Those commitments are enforceable by the FCC through continuing oversight; a failure to meet an authorization condition can result in an order that the deficiency be corrected, in the imposition of penalties, or in the suspension or revocation of long-distance approval.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com