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Their simulated results suggest that only a small fraction (5 10%) of shared intron positions in distantly related species are due to parallel gains.
This is also in agreement with recent data suggesting that few shared intron positions between distantly related taxa are due to parallel gain (i.e., independent insertion) at proto-splice sites [ 25].
By this analysis, in which 728 unique patterns were included, we found that nearly 20% of the shared intron positions between plants and unikonts, thought to have diverged more than a billion and a half years ago [ 39], are due to parallel gain.
For example, Clay [ 8] pointed out that in feather lice of birds, the 'fundamental similarity of all the Philopteridae makes it difficult to recognize whether the external characters common to two groups are due to parallel or convergent evolution or to phylogenetic relationships.' Heretofore, there have been few robust tests for adaptive radiations within parasitic clades.
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Most effects of thermal treatments on yield were due to parallel effects on GN.
"Since the two jackal lineages are not closely related, this morphological similarity may be due to parallel evolution, driven by the ecological circumstances in which these animals live, especially with regards to the competition from other carnivore species", said Dr Koepfli.
Comparative studies on invertebrates and vertebrates suggest that the use of common networks of developmental transcription factors may be due to parallel evolution, a form of homoplasy by independent recruitments of similar genes and transcriptional networks.
The observed parallel evolution at the phenotypic level could be due to parallel evolution at the genetic level, or due to a different combination of mutations that result in similar phenotypes.
Similarly, the resemblance between varasichthyids and crossognathiforms might be due to parallel evolution.
The basic idea is to investigate whether the number of apparent homoplasies in the most parsimonious tree is likely to be due to parallel (recurrent) mutations.
This calculation yielded 2913 sites with shared intron positions (568 unique patterns) of which 229 (~7.9%) are expected to be due to parallel intron gain.
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