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With the usual ESL method, ESLs are defined at a component-level assuming that each component is isolated from the rest of the system.
Piecewise cubic interpolation of volume fractions are used to calculate volume fractions of constituent material phases at a point; these fractions are defined at a limited number of evenly spaced control points.
Thirteen integration points are defined at a section.
Volumes in these datasets are defined at a 1-mm isotropic voxel grid, with dimensions 217 × 181 × 181.
For cost identification, in microcosting, all cost components are defined at the most detailed level, whereas in gross costing, cost components are defined at a highly aggregated level.
We also take into account the fact that some covariates are defined at a higher level of aggregation than the dependent variable by clustering standard errors by country and time.
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Key concepts are defined at an early stage in the review and form the categories under which the data from empirical studies are to be summarised.
Markets were defined at a segment level, a more narrowly defined market than those identified by, say, the Bureau of the Census.
The latter is defined at a boundary, distributed or pointwise in-domain and has not to be available for measurement.
During the validation study, nine targets were defined at a depth of 100 mm below the gelatin surface.
On the other hand, tumour cell dormancy is defined at a cellular level as a process of immune factor-induced cell cycle arrest9.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com