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Thick films of functional oxides are currently substituting counterparts bulk ceramics, as in the case of low loss dielectrics.
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Collagen-based scaffolds are currently substituted by supports produced from biodegradable polymers [ 57].
BMPs are currently the most effective substitute available for bone graft as a means to eliminate the morbidity of iliac crest bone graft harvest and increase the rate of successful spinal arthrodesis.
Dermal substitutes are currently used in plastic surgery to cover various soft tissue defects caused by trauma, burns, or ablative cancer surgery.
Numerous dura substitutes are currently commercially available.
Several bone substitutes are currently available like carriers or scaffold.
Successful applications of skin substitutes are currently limited to tissue less than 2 mm in thickness [ 23].
Provided that credit and technical support is available, it appears the only competitive crop substitutes are currently wheat, cotton or olives.
However, compared to the bone substitute materials, which are currently clinically available, there is a significant need for bone substitute materials that degrade more rapidly but at the same time stimulate osteogenesis.
However, compared to the bone substitute materials which are currently clinically available, there is a significant need for bone substitute materials which degrade more rapidly, but still stimulate osteogenesis at the same time.
Calcium phosphate ceramics are currently used as bone graft substitutes in various types of clinical applications.
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