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Obvious confounding factors are controlled for: it is not that dimmer pupils were assigned more help, for example.
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Although this campaign has been built on evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which the context is controlled for, it failed to investigate social opinions and social media effects of the real-life context before introducing the campaign [ 7].
When length of residency is controlled for, it was found that five physical variables were the best predictors of neighbourhood attachment: provision of open spaces, street type, trees coverage, sidewalk provision and number of community spaces.
Second, even though the factor of individual ability that does not change with time is controlled for, it still cannot be inferred that endogeneity problems have been solved, because some individual heterogeneity may vary with time and such issues need to be tackled by means of instrumental variables (Chen 2012a).
Furthermore, in experiments where the sorption can be controlled for, it may be possible to visualize and quantify sorption.
When education was controlled for, it was further found that score in Digit Symbol, a test measuring information processing speed, and verbal fluency, a measure of executive function, did not any more separate the clusters.
On the other hand, since continuous sedation remained an independent predictor of ARDS after the period of observation was controlled for, it could be that this is simply a surrogate marker for severity of illness which is not captured by traditional scoring tools.
The executives' perception of uncertainty was controlled for as it has been shown to affect the strategy process and its outcome by prior research (Miller 2008).
Potential confounders such as external gamma radiation, long-lived radionuclides, silica dust and smoking could be controlled for and it was found that major confounding of the radon-related risk by these factors is unlikely.
Approaches that seek to vary task features effectively consider a reciprocal type of interaction, i.e., intertwined person and task, as a form of construct irrelevant variance to be controlled for, if it cannot be avoided.
Duration of ventilation was not significant but needed to be controlled for as it changed the effect of postnatal steroids and gestational age.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com