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Epoxy thermosets are commonly formulated with an excess of epoxy resin to ensure complete reaction of co-reactive hardeners and to optimize performance.
These two scheduling problems are commonly formulated with non-smooth cost functions respectively considering various effects and constraints, such as the valve point effect, power balance and ramp rate limits.
Many hypotheses that are commonly formulated for the function of scent marking (e.g., Ralls 1971; Kappeler 1998; Brady and Armitage 1999; Lazaro-Perea et al. 1999; Rostain et al. 2004; Heymann 2006a; Lewis 2006) are also applicable to the function of latrine use, as latrine behavior is a special form of olfactory communication.
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Colourless paste is commonly formulated from 300 parts of silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2), 470 of red lead (a lead oxide, Pb3O4), 163 of potassium carbonate (K2CO3), 22 of borax (a sodium borate, Na2B4O7·10H2O), and 1 of white arsenic (arsenic oxide, As2O3).
The toll design problem is commonly formulated as a non-linear program, which in general is non-convex and non-smooth, and thus difficult to solve for a global optimum.
The original problem that is commonly formulated in terms of the diffusion-convection equation for the distribution function of CRs, coupled with the thermal plasma through the momentum flux continuity equation, is reduced to a nonlinear integral equation in one variable.
This task, known as model calibration, is commonly formulated as an optimization problem, which in these cases must be solved with global optimization techniques.
FBA is commonly formulated as a linear optimization problem, where the objective function either maximizes or minimizes a desired reaction flux or a combination of desired fluxes, subject to Eq. 2.
This line of objection to the Buddha's teaching of non-self is more commonly formulated in response to the argument from impermanence, however.
Moreover, formulated diets are commonly composed of denatured insoluble proteins and carbohydrates [ 26].
What instruments are commonly used?
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