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According to Rapkin & Schwartz QoLL appraisal model, patients are assumed to answer all individual questionnaire items at one time point using the same cognitive processes, e.g. respondents use the same reference group(s) in answering all items of an entire questionnaire.
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This large project has helped the dissemination of the ASAS/EULAR recommendations for the management of AS: 7206 rheumatologists received the questionnaire and thus also the text of the recommendations, and 1507 answered and are assumed to have at least read the recommendations.
If the answers are assumed to just be "there" then what is the value of asking?
These have allowed paralysed patients, some of whom had been assumed to be in PVS, to answer "yes" or "no" to questions to let their family and friends know their wishes and their state of wellbeing.
By accepting to answer a questionnaire, consent was assumed to have been given by the health worker.
But it's worth asking another question, one that often goes unasked, perhaps because the answer is assumed to be so obvious.
The subjects who did not answer a question were assumed to have no knowledge about the question.
The three possible answer alternatives were assumed to be on a linear scale.
When calculating means in situations where the response options were categorical, counts of ≥5 or ≥10 (as an answer option) were assumed to be 5 or 10, respectively (i.e., the lowest value in the range).
Women not answering the question were assumed to be never users.
The answer has long been assumed to lie in the chromatin, which determines which genes are accessible to the cell and which are excluded.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com