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The equations governing the flow past a rotating blade are approximated using an order of magnitude analysis on the spanwise derivatives.

The buckling modes of the plate itself are approximated using an interpolation scheme consisting of rather simple trigonometric functions which allows for a closed-form analytical description of both the buckling modes as well as of the buckling loads of the elastically restrained composite plates.

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The spatial domain, 0≤ x≤ L x, is discretised uniformly with grid spacing δ x, and the spatial derivatives are approximated using a central-difference approximation [ 40].

Both magnetic slope data and ring density data are approximated using a Stineman function.

Furthermore, in past work the necessary third order derivatives are approximated using a finite different approach.

In this study, flow and transport processes in open conduits are approximated using a high-permeability porous-medium representation.

This section also details the application of this algorithm when the transition density are approximated using a GPE.

Away from the curve, the original subdivision surfaces are approximated using a multi-resolution scheme based on quasi-interpolation.

First, as discussed before, noise-cross-noise terms in the pilot correlations are approximated using a GA.

Interfacial stresses and strains are approximated using a combination of exact elasticity solutions and elementary strength of materials theories.

Production variations over the horizon are approximated using a sequence of periods, each corresponding to a production season, while the intra-period variations are neglected.

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