The spatial domain, 0≤ x≤ L x, is discretised uniformly with grid spacing δ x, and the spatial derivatives are approximated using a central-difference approximation [ 40].
All the conditional expectations involved in Q θ,θ p ) are approximated using our two-filter algorithm with rejuvenation to define the SMC approximation θ↦Q N (θ,θ p ) of θ↦Q θ,θ p ).
The displacement variables are approximated using the Ritz method.
During an optimisation process, function gradients are approximated using already explored design solutions.
Furthermore, in past work the necessary third order derivatives are approximated using a finite different approach.
Improved fuzzy classifier functions are approximated using statistical and soft computing approaches.
Finally, building heights are approximated using shadow length and the predefined or estimated solar elevation angle.
These constraints and the quadratic objective function are approximated using piecewise-linear segments.
Viscous terms are approximated using conservative, entropy stable, narrow-stencil finite difference operators.
The property-based operators are approximated using direct interpolation in the space of nonlinear unknowns.
Away from the curve, the original subdivision surfaces are approximated using a multi-resolution scheme based on quasi-interpolation.
