When induced by stress, fat body antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes are activated in response to nuclear dFOXO activity [ 35].
Several signal transduction cascades, including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and HIF-1, are activated in response to hypoxia in fishes and other vertebrates [ 48, 49].
Alternatively, the PTK activity profiles are partially due to kinases that are activated in response to both Fyn/Yes signaling as well as Wnt11 signaling, downstream of RhoA.
- In this cascade, PI3K and AKT/PKB are activated in response to insulin stimulation, causing phosphorylation of the Rab GTPase activation protein (GAP) AS160 by AKT.
When microglia are activated in response to brain injury, TSPO expression is markedly upregulated [6].
Sirtuins are activated in response to nutrient deprivation or energy deficit which triggers cellular adaptations to improve metabolic efficiency.
ECM extracellular matrix, MN monocytes, PMN polymorphonuclear neutrophils, MΦ macrophages Fig. 2 Platelets monitor and are activated in response to noxious signals.
The AREs are key enhancers that are activated in response to endogenous or exogenous stresses to maintain cellular and tissue homeostasis.
Cellular behavior, such as mitosis and motility, are controlled by both when and where specific intracellular signaling pathways are activated in response to environmental cues.
"The apocrine glands are activated in response to mental/emotional states, potentially including sexual arousal".
The research by Matt Lieberman and Naomi Eisenberger, scientists at UCLA, has shown that feeling socially excluded activates some of the same neural regions that are activated in response to physical pain, suggesting that social rejection may indeed be "painful".
