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Negative self-images are a maintaining factor in social phobia.
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We tested the hypotheses that (1) rumination predicts the maintenance of PTSD and depression and (2) reduced concreteness of ruminative thinking may be a maintaining factor.
Rumination has been identified as a maintaining factor in a number of emotional disorders and it remains unclear whether different types of perseverative thinking identified in different emotional disorders represent similar or different processes (Harvey et al., 2004).
The purpose of the model extension is to ensure that IU is clearly understood and targeted as a maintaining factor across disorders.
Research is now at a point where IU is postulated to be a transdiagnostic maintaining factor underlying a range of psychological disorders (McEvoy and Mahoney, 2011a, 2011b).
Excessive rumination following traumatic or highly distressing experiences has been proposed to be an important maintaining factor of posttraumatic stress symptoms.
This study has shown that hardship may be a disease maintaining factor as people may fail to seek the necessary care for economic reasons and this can impact on health outcomes.
According to Clark and Wells, self-focused attention is an important maintaining factor in the disorder because it increases access to negative thoughts and feelings, can interfere with performance, and prevents the individual from observing external information that might disconfirm his or her fears.
The results support the view that rumination is an important maintaining factor of trauma-related emotional disorders.
In sum, the results of the present studies clearly support the view that rumination is an important maintaining factor of PTSD following trauma, as suggested by recent theoretical accounts (Ehlers & Clark, 2000; Joseph et al., 1997).
In contrast, ATP is a maintained and required factor for apoptosis.
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