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In 1933 they undertook another survey, exploring the Arctic route from New York to Europe.
Some 5,500 came via the Arctic route in the autumn.
With polar nights just days away, authorities here are concerned the Arctic route is becoming more dangerous.
(Of course, the Arctic route has a way to go before catching up to the 18,000 ships a year sailing through the Suez Canal).
Sergei Frank, the boss of Sovcomflot, which carries a fifth of Russia's seaborne oil and gas exports, envisages the Arctic route as a "floating pipeline".
Norilsk Nickel, the world's largest nickel producer, broke new ground last year by carrying ore to China and South Korea by the eastern part of the Arctic route.
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How Nome ended up short on fuel this winter is a complicated issue unto itself, but trying to get the Renda here to help has become a sub-Arctic odyssey — and perhaps a clunky practice run for a future in which climate change and commercial interests make shipping through Arctic routes more common.
Basically, two major causes, not mutually exclusive, must be involved to explain these findings: (a) a pronounced founder effect at the beginning of South America's colonization via the Panama Isthmus and/or (b) continuous gene flow between North American and Asian populations via the Circum-Arctic route after the Beringian collapse (see below).
Opinions vary widely on how and when the Americas were colonized, with advocates supporting either a pre-[2] or post-[1], [3], [4], [5], [6] last glacial maximum (LGM) colonization, via either a land bridge across Beringia [3], [4], [5], a sea-faring Pacific Rim coastal route [1], [3], a trans-Arctic route [4], or a trans-Atlantic oceanic route [5].
China now claims to be a "near-Arctic" state with interests in new Arctic shipping routes, oil, minerals and climate change.
This study was conducted in three Arctic ecosystems: Sub-Arctic (Churchill, MB), Low-Arctic (Daring Lake, NWT), and High-Arctic (Truelove Lowlands, NU).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com