The arctic virus strain has later been found in several arctic regions of Russia and also in several different animal species south of the arctic region [ 42, 43].
Rabies virus was first identified in arctic regions by [ 56].
This study was conducted in three Arctic ecosystems: Sub-Arctic (Churchill, MB), Low-Arctic (Daring Lake, NWT), and High-Arctic (Truelove Lowlands, NU).
The interglacial optimum (~ MIS 5e) is characterized by the elimination of arctic tundra as a regional vegetation type and range extensions of more temperate species into conifer-dominated landscapes.
Ottersen et al. (2006) studied recruitment as a proxy for population dynamics of the Northeast Arctic cod, together with regional climate indices such as the North Atlantic Oscillation and sea temperature through the Kola transect in the Barents Sea.
Thermokarst lakes are widespread in arctic and subarctic regions.
The variety of responses within the Lake E record to large-scale forcings (e.g., orbital parameters, ice extent) provides an opportunity to further explore regional responses of arctic environments to a broad range of paleoclimatic conditions.
Regional compilations of arctic temperature reanalysis data [22] and paleoclimatic proxies [18] suggest that mean temperatures since ∼1970 exceed any period within the prior 400 years (Fig. 6 A and B).
Therefore, understanding the response of permafrost to arctic warming is critical to predicting the regional effects of global climate change.
Field surveys of caribou and moose in the desolate arctic tundra led to a governmental posting dealing with regional wildlife management practices.
Other R&D type projects, where novel methodology has been extensively tested are following pilot studies: (1) The regional strategy process of the Kemi-Tornio region [6], (2) the strategy process of the Helsinki metropolitan area [7], (3) the "Arctic Maritime Technology Foresight" study [21] and (4) the "Regional Business Strategy for North-East Finland 2011 2015" [9].
