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"And in the case of something like wine, you have the perfect example: even before you open a bottle to experience the wine itself, you already have an arbitrary visual stimulus — the bottle and the label — that comes with non-arbitrary emotional associations, good and bad".
They support a material-specific effect for recognition but not for learning and recall of arbitrary visual and visual spatial associative information.
This confirms that cattle treated the 2D images as genuine representations of conspecifics and not as an arbitrary visual object.
To trigger arbitrary visual routines on demand, the overall information acquisition process needs to be organized.
The sleep stages 0 and 1 were divided into altogether 10 substages, using an arbitrary visual scale with various proportions of alpha and theta activity.
Monkeys can learn to rank order quite long lists of numerosity-based or arbitrary visual stimuli, and they can show transitive inference from one list to another (Treichler and Van Tilburg 1999; Terrace et al. 2003; Treichler et al. 2003).
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This study revealed that adults learned more efficiently the arbitrary association between visual and auditory novel stimuli when the visual stimuli were explored with both vision and touch.
First, the results demonstrate that the dorsal premotor (PMd) cortex is the critical structure for the acquisition and execution of arbitrary mappings of visual stimuli to motor responses.
The subjects had to learn by trial and error arbitrary associations between visual stimuli and motor responses in an experimental paradigm designed to dissociate between the neuronal substrates specifically involved in the selection of the appropriate response and in the analysis of the feedback obtained during the learning and post-learning periods.
This study examined whether the addition of the haptic modality would lead adults to more efficient learning of arbitrary association between visual and auditory novel stimuli.
For example, this ability is used by children in reading acquisition when arbitrary associations between visual and auditory stimuli must be learned.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com