This grey market allowed Foshan's industrial clusters to grow organically, according to economic logic rather than arbitrary land laws, argues the FGI.
In China, collusion between party officials and commercial interests, especially at the local level, has caused widespread popular anger against arbitrary land acquisition and toxic pollution.
Arbitrary land laws allow local governments to cheat farmers, by underpaying them for the agricultural plots they buy off them for development.
It seems there is an arbitrary targeting of lands and homes in Dhaka that leaves slum occupants increasingly vulnerable to threats and/or eviction by middlemen known as mastaans.
He believed ardently in the power imbued in his office, which allowed him arbitrary control over land distribution.
Global warming, which is fed by their fumes, will make all these problems even worse.Environmental concerns are unlikely to bring down the Communist regime, or even to stir as much resentment as the arbitrary confiscation of land currently does among China's poorest.
Officials "threatened, pressured and forced the Africville residents to agree to the compensation being offered by the City of Halifax" and paid them arbitrary sums for their land, court documents state.
It has been heavily criticised for land deals, arbitrary treatment of mining licences and vote-buying.Mr Stanishev was recently forced to bring back into government a deputy environment minister from this party, fired last year for alleged corruption (and then cleared).
Reports from these areas over the last two decades, however, indicate that militarization, or the presence of the armed actors, even in the absence of armed clashes can result in human rights violations, including forced labour, capricious taxation, and land grabbing; arbitrary arrest, detention and execution; forced relocation and movement restrictions; and sexual violence [ 7– 9].
For me, it also evoked the almost arbitrary colonial division of Middle Eastern lands into parcels of European dominance.
