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There is no requirement for a recognised regulator to provide an arbitral process.
Where in the 18 March Charter it says "the Board of the self-regulatory body should provide an arbitral process", here the "should" has become "may".
In the same paragraph, it says that "the Board of the self-regulatory body may consider operating a pilot scheme to test the fairness, effectiveness and sustainability of the arbitral process".
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The limited capacity of arbitral institutes drove a large number of workers to take the extreme action of protesting outside arbitral tribunals during the long arbitral processes.
Data from 1992 to 2011 demonstrate that the labor disputes arbitrated by arbitral institutes were only the tip of the iceberg compared to all admitted cases.
The former names represent an arbitral breakdown of the planning process when compared with that of the latter name.
The principle of "mediate first" was prioritized by arbitral institutes of labor disputes in the process of filing and hearing cases in order to prevent collective actions by workers.
If this failed, workers could apply for labor arbitration before they refused to accept arbitral results and sued in the people's courts.
And China has officially boycotted the arbitration proceedings by refusing to submit a counter-memorial to the Arbitral Tribunal in The Hague before the December 15 deadline.
The Philippines pursued "compulsory process" under Article 287 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and initiated arbitral proceedings under UNCLOS over the merits of the PRC's claim to much of the South China Sea (known as the West Philippine Sea to Filipinos).
The complaints system is code-based while the arbitral system involves the civil law and is governed by the 1996 arbitration act.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com