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Adequate pulse characteristics which will disturb a first- and a second-order system in a single pulse test were found by analysing the effects of pulse height and duration, integration step size in computation and the type of approximation used on the accuracy of the results.
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It is also worth mentioning that when a Gaussian approximation is used on the message pdf's, the stability condition reduces to (20).
The background model used in this work models each pixel as a mixture of Gaussians with an on-line approximation used for updating the model.
Similarly, BER is calculated from the coarse approximation used in the optimization process based on the header information in each packet.
This is because the concrete form of the approximation used for a given particle depends on its position (which determines how FMM approximates each pair-wise force).
As with most iterative methods, it is worth noting that the convergence rate may depend on the initial approximation used.
The spatial approximation used includes upwind differencing based on Roe's approximate Riemann solver and van Leer's MUSCL scheme, with numerically computed implicit flux linearizations.
Based on the same approximation used previously, we can note that Gammaleft(1+frac{k_{i}}{beta}right) sim left(1+Psi(1)frac{k_{i}}{beta}right) (27).
These results confirms the estimations based on the Liouville-Green approximation used in [18].
The new curve is a simple function of the form of y=f(x) like the cubic one but is not based on any approximation used in cubic parabola calculations.
The NPs were also characterised by electrophoretic mobility, and the Smoluchowski approximation used to determine zeta-potential (ZP) on a Zetasizer ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK).
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