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An accurate approximation to the stress conditions on the free surface is adopted.
It is found that the theory provides a satisfactory approximation to the stress singularity occurring in the vicinity of the free-edges and ply cracks.
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Numerous solutions of the plane theory of elasticity, derived over the past hundred years, provide a very good approximation to the in-plane stress components.
Two approaches are used; the first one uses a reciprocal formula and the second one uses a bilinear approximation to the non-dimensional stresses interaction equation, to estimate the compressive stress in a fibrous composite.
This type of modeling contrasts with most of the finite element models that have been used to date to characterize the bond performance of FRP sheets in the longitudinal direction,, where the transverse dimension of the sheet is compressed into a line using plane stress approximation to the sheet-concrete interface.
The big approximation is your approximation to the problem you want to solve.
We stress that we mostly use extrapolation to obtain higher-order approximations to the moments of the system (or their combinations, such as the covariance).
A semi-analytical approach which exploits a FEM discretization of the cross-section is used to derive a Ritz Galerkin approximation of the stress and displacement fields.
Results from the generic FE simulations are presented in Figs. 2, 3 and 4. Plane strain was a good approximation of the interior stress state according to the evaluated parameters (Figs. 2 b c, 3 b c and 4 b c), but the surface stress, in terms of pressure and triaxiality, was not comparable to the stress in the bulk material (Figs. 2 a b and 5 a b).
Adapt to the stress.
Consequently, in a strictly experimental aspect, the calculations from measured displacements should use the plane strain approximation to provide bulk material stresses.
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