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The ability to test functional effects of human mutations in the mouse probably represents the closest approximation to the situation in humans.
When we found that it worked in the cell-free environment, we cloned the next novel network (3n1) onto a similar plasmid because this is the closest approximation to the situation in cells.
We characterized the repressilator and the novel 3n1 network on plasmid DNA, reasoning that this is the closest approximation to the situation in a cell and because promoter strengths compare better when measured on a plasmid (Sun et al., 2014; Chappell et al., 2013).
This should also provide a reasonable approximation to the situation in which infectiousness is extremely high for only a few weeks, either due to high viraemia during primary infection [ 46] or due to the effect of a concomitant sexually transmitted infection that increases both HIV susceptibility and infectiousness.
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However, under closer scrutiny, it becomes apparent that the principle of causality is often only the first approximation to the true situation, and that a more realistic model would include some of the past states of the system.
It should be pointed out that Eq. (4) is an approximation to the actual situation because the gas in the chamber is obviously not in a steady state, neither is it in an ideal state.
This study, however, utilizing transgenic mice expressing human CEA and CEACAM6 genes with the human tissue specific pattern but with increasing expression levels to the point of those found in human carcinomas, represents perhaps the closest approximation to the human situation yet investigated.
Among the three major biological in vitro models, cell culture, tissue culture, and organ culture, the latter provides the closest approximation to the in vivo situation, but also requires the most demanding culture conditions.
The use of PBMC as target cells in neutralization assays is the closest in vitro approximation to the in vivo situation.
However, a previous study showed that the movement of the heart phantom is a good approximation to the in-vivo situation [ 18].
These different criterions are the best approximation to for the situations that researchers studying each of the problems would face.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com