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In fact, the logistic distribution affords a good approximation to the normal distribution and the log-logistic distribution in the same way approximates well the lognormal distribution which, apparently seems to be appropriate in car following state.
Confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using approximation to the normal distribution.
All continuous outcome variables were visually tested for approximation to the normal distribution by histograms and QQ-plots.
Taking its natural logarithm gave a satisfactory approximation to the normal distribution (Fig. 1b).
Variables (MMP-2, MMP-9, water, hair and nail arsenic) were log-transformed to improve the approximation to the normal distribution.
For row age and gender specific prevalence and incidence rates, 95% confidence intervals are determined with the approximation to the normal distribution, for relative risks for hospitalisation and mortality we assumed a log-normal distribution.
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These coordinates are naturally rough approximations to the normal locations of animals, especially for stranded animals, but this error can be considered negligible at the scale of the study range.
In Fig. 1, we see that from run-to-run, the distribution of angles is well described by the von Mises distribution (red line), which is a close approximation to the wrapped normal distribution with a more analytically tractable functional form.
Thus, even if the central limit theorem were applicable, and even if enough physiologic variables were multiplied together to obtain a reasonably good approximation to the log-normal distribution in the observable range, the tails of the distribution could still be very poorly described by the log-normal distribution.
Hence, equations (20.1 - 20.2) give the fourth-order approximation to the first-order normal derivatives of the solution of nonlinear equation (3).
Individual entries in Table 1 are each based on 1000 simulations, so their confidence limits are approximately ± 2 (on the basis of the normal approximation to the binomial).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com