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The analysis employs the concept of the describing functions where the fundamental harmonic component is considered the most relevant and for some cases can be considered an approximation to the effect of all harmonics.
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In other words, deterministic models offer a reasonable first approximation to the effects of taxes on growth.
Adaptive backstepping technique is employed to systematically synthesize the proposed controller with the online parameter adaptation rule to the vehicle mass variations and with the recurrent neural network (RNN) approximation to the coupling effect between the force and moment controls.
Steel plates with curved soffits can significantly improve the approximation to the tyre effect, the extent of the improvement depending on the form of the curved surface.
But surprisingly, still for higher jet velocities the sensitivity constitutes a good approximation to the actual effect of the jet.
In risk assessment and management, however, a more pragmatic viewpoint is taken, and given the overall uncertainties of the process an approximation to the cumulative effects is usually good enough, for example a worst-case, but not overly conservative, estimate.
In [30], the authors used this approximation to evaluate the effect of limited CSI in a MIMO broadcast channel, when spatial multiplexing is implemented in transmission using similar codebook structures (e.g., closed-loop mode 1).
Using Euclidean distance between farms in the transmission kernel was a first approximation to quantify the effect of spatial separation on FMDV transmission.
We illustrate this by using the Langevin approximation to analyze the effects of intrinsic noise on pattern formation in a spatially structured hybrid network.
We illustrate this by using the diffusion approximation to explore the effects of noise on neural pattern formation in a spatially structured network.
This sheds light on the ambiguous role of recombination and allows for an approximation to the distribution of fitness effects of successfully invading mutations.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com