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In section "Solution strategy: sample average approximation" sample average approximation is presented to approximate the problem with sample size N. Metaheuristic method is introduced in section"The proposed Metaheuristic method"; Numerical results of the optimization method are presented in section"Computational experiments".
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This chapter discusses a number of concepts that include surface approximation, sampling, universal approximation, and fuzzy neural networks.
In the case of POD processes, qk−1 is unknown but it can be replaced by any approximation to sample the particles as any choice of pk−1 can be made.
Obtained results are shown in Table 1 together with results of measurements by other methods: XRD, TEM, as well as with results of approximation of sample magnetization dependence measured by VSM in the field range 0.8 T [14].
To a good approximation, the sample has isolated CO H spin pairs that all have the same internuclear separation (r) of 5.0 Å with a corresponding dipolar coupling (d) of 37 Hz.
Thus, differential operators in Equation 3 are estimated within some approximation from sampled images.
The most popular way of creating such models is by approximation of sampled EM-simulation data using, for example, low-order polynomials, support vector regression or neural networks.
We used Fisher's exact test (Monte Carlo approximation, 10 samples) to test for differences in survivors and control characteristics (Table 1).
In the absence of kinetic information we can still obtain a good approximation by sampling the crowding coefficients from a list of estimated values and then focus on the resulting general trend.
Based on the theorem on ASCLT for rank statistics, he also proposed a small-sample approximation for the two-sample nonparametric Behrens-Fisher problem.
Through a computationally intensive resampling procedure, bootstrapping provides empirical approximations of sampling distributions and confidence intervals.
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