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He et al. [9] stated that 'the intensity of the dark channel is a rough approximation of the thickness of the fog.' This can be understood when the DCP is considered as an approximation of a minimum distance measure to the Löwner-John ellipsoid [20] either from the R-G, G-B, or R-B planes, θ D, i ≃ argmin c, z z c - y 2, subject to z c T e c = 0, and y T A - 1 y = 1, (32).
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The contrast of the holes in each row of the phantom depends, in first approximation, on the thickness of the PPMA and is given by the following equation [10]: C = e μ a ( h - l ) 1 - e μ W h 1 - e μ W l - 1, (1).
Different approaches are proposed typically based on optimisation strategies and requiring a sensitivity analysis, or based on a local approximation of the tube thickness versus process parameters using optimisation procedures based on evolution strategies.
Secondly, approximation of the layer thicknesses and member shape needed to be more accurately digitally incorporated.
Likewise, the hydrodynamic radius Rh is increased for the hydrated particle, allowing a first approximation to estimate the thickness of the hydration shell (0.6 Å).
The field approximation of the through-the-thickness variation accounts for a shear correction and a layerwise modelling for the electric potential.
The main restriction of this approach is that they require an approximation of the comportment in the thickness.
This article describes one type of plate theories called equivalent single layer theories that are characterized by a single approximation of the displacements through the thickness.
As a first approximation, we consider the thickness of pure gold: the layer of gold can be estimated around 1.5 μm in the frame of the text (painted area) whereas it is approximately 0.1 μm as gold leaf.
The equations of elasticity are reduced to one-dimension in a two-step approach, first assuming plane strain (stress) along one of the in-plane dimensions and then introducing approximations through the thickness of the laminate.
This study begins with an approximation of the ABL stability and thickness.
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