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Finally, it follows that the projection approximation for calculating the phase shift must fail for strong phase shifts of higher than quadratic form.
Finally, in this paper, the simple complex eikonal equations, in quasi-longitudinal (QL) approximation, for calculating the non-deviative absorption coefficient due to the propagation across the D-layer are encoded into a so called COMPLEIK (COMPLex EIKonal) subroutine of the IONORT (IONOspheric Ray-Tracing) program (Azzarone et al., 2012).
Mutations occur at an estimated of around 10−6 10−10 in eukaryotes [97]; this allows for an approximation for calculating the possible options and/or combinations.
Graphical method (GM) (Johnson 1978) uses Weibull cumulative distribution function and least square approximation for calculating the scale and shape parameters.
Equation (1.3) with (alpha=1) is called a Chaplygin gas, which was introduced by Chaplygin [5] and Tsien [6] as a mathematical approximation for calculating the lifting force on a wing of an airplane in aerodynamics.
For each reporter ion peak range, the total area is calculated by summing the areas between ion peak pairs using the trapezoid approximation for calculating the area under a curve.
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We compare different approximations to the point-charge Green function for the radial electric monopole field excited by an ultrarelativistic particle propagating through a resistive pipe, and study the applicability of these approximations for calculating the field of a bunch with finite length.
The other relies on a fast approximation procedure for calculating Poisson-binomial P-values, which we call bi-binomial approximation (BBA) or bi-binomial distribution (BBD).
Their model creates an approximation method for calculating the degree of untruthfulness for reviews based on the duplicate identification results by estimating the overlap of semantic contents among reviews using a Semantic Language Model (SLM).
All analyses were conducted with Stata V.12, using the Taylor expansion approximation technique for calculating the design-based estimates of variance.
In comparison with the packages nlme and lme4 in R, the MIXED procedure in SAS provides also Satterthwaite and Kenward-Roger approximation methods for calculating the denominator df which especially result in some improvements in the resulting p-values.
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