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Properties of these estimators are studied under large sample size approximation and the use of double sampling for stratification to estimate quantiles can also be seen.
The small divergence also allows most theoretical treatments to adopt the paraxial approximation and the use of the scalar formulation of diffraction theory, neglecting polarization effects in the scattering.
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Again we emphasise that the approach adopted here is to recognise that at present the Newtonian fluid flow equations offer the best approximation, and that the use of the Navier slip boundary condition might well be sufficient to reflect certain aspects of nanoscale fluid flow behaviour.
As such a common solution to training the approximation (and the one used in this study) is to analyse a series of sample paths through Monte-Carlo simulation.
To compute the change in failure probability due to a change in parameter, one can transform the points that were used to numerically fit the approximation into a new standard normal space corresponding to the changed parameter, fit a new approximation and use the new approximation to compute the changed failure probability.
Additional modifications to enhance the present framework either in biological and/or computational terms include using deviations from the expected fitness as weights in the least squares approximation and using the sign of the deviations when including or excluding a mutation pair over the course of the sequential approximation process.
Relaxing this approximation and using the full solution for the progression of the number of infected persons leads to the probability Dthat takes into account the size of the exposed population (Appendix).
Through thematic analysis, supported by the initial guide for content specification as the first framework for approximation and using the constant comparative method from fundamental theory, key units of meaning will be identified that enable us to deconstruct every sentence [ 39].
On the other hand, this method is based on least-square approximation, and the problem of using the MSE may occur.
Newton is accordingly using the 3/2 rule for circular orbits to establish that an inverse-square field holds around the Sun to at least a first approximation, and then using the absence of precession of the individual orbits to tighten the approximation.
However, all models are approximations and the models used here allow a satisfactory differentiation between the young and old with minimal bias.
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