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(R_{s_{u_{[k]}},n,2}^{k,text {SC}}) can then be approximated using the first order Taylor approximation at a feasible point (overline {P_{s_{u_{[k]}},n}^{k}}), in order to have a convex optimization problem.
It is known that a decreasing profile can be approximated using the first- and second-order moments of the eigenvalues together with an initial assumption of white noise [8].
In the inverse eigenvalue problem, variations of natural frequencies caused by changes of multiple design variables are approximated using the first and second order Taylor series expansions, which are based on explicit expressions of the first and second order derivatives of natural frequencies and eigenvectors with respect to the configuration parameters.
For that purpose, each expression profile was approximated using the first oscillatory term of the Fourier series expansion.
The order of the markers was approximated using the FIRST ORDER function of Mapmaker.
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When the spatial differential operators are approximated using the second-order central differencing operated on a standard Yee's cell [ 11], the electric field components can be obtained by solving a set of tridiagonal matrices.
The duration of diabetes was approximated using the time from the first registration of diabetes, which in most cases was the onset of treatment and not the first signs of diabetes.
The delivery date was approximated using the date of the first claim with a delivery code.
The product diffusion coefficient in dilute solutions was first approximated using the Stokes−Einstein equation (eq 5).
Knowing the analytical form of the interpolating functions, this error can be approximated using the function (f ) and its second derivative (f ") [32, 41].
An optimum cooling channel design could be approximated using the thermal performance factor as a first-step engineering design tool.
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