This likelihood was approximated using the equation p = (1-pbinom(nMax,n,0.5)), 1-pbinom nMaxng the number of unambiguous base calls and nMax equaling the abundance of the most common base call.
Tumours were measured externally every week until week 3, and tumour volume was approximated using the equation volume=(a × b) π/6, where a and b are the lengths of the major and minor axes, respectively.
The radius of gyration and initial scattering intensity I 0) were approximated using the Guinier equation with PRIMUS.
Therefore, the first characteristic function can be approximated using the following equation: Φ ̂ X u = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n e j 2 πu x i. (18).
Knowing that the propagation velocity in air C air is, about 300 mm/ns, V m in a material can be approximated using the following equation: V_{text{m}} = frac{{C_{text{air}} }}{{sqrt {varepsilon_{text{r}} } }} (1).
The decision function f x, w) can be approximated using the following equation (Kecman 2005): f x,w) = w^{T} x + b, (7)in which w and b denote the weight vector and the bias term, respectively, and w T denotes the transposition of weight matrices.
The product diffusion coefficient in dilute solutions was first approximated using the Stokes−Einstein equation (eq 5).
The length scale ℓ B can be approximated using the magnetic induction equation: frac{partial mathbf{B}}{partial t} = nabla times (mathbf{u} times mathbf{B}) + eta nabla^{2} mathbf{B} (9).
Calculation of the Ki values at A1R, A2AR, A2BR and A3R was approximated using the Cheng-Prusoff equation: Ki = IC50/[1 + (C/KD ], where IC50 is the concentration of compound that displaces the binding of the radioligand by 50%, C is the concentration of radioligand, and KD is the dissociation constant of each radioligand.
If the interacting cells are well separated, the interaction is approximated using the M2L kernel (equation (3b)), which computes and accumulates the local field tensors F n m ( s B ) for the expansion of gravity within the sink cell B and due to all sources within the source cell A (in a mutual version of the algorithm, the interactions A → B and B → A are considered simultaneously).
If we ignore the initial randomness of allele frequency trajectories, which is usually modeled using a supercritical branching process, X t can be well approximated using the deterministic logistic equation (Ohta and Kimura, 1975): X t = X 0 X 0 + (1 − X 0 ) e − s t, (19 where X0 can be set to 1/2 N (Kaplan et al. 1989; Stephan et al. 1992).
