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For this purpose, a static flow resistivity, which was also approximated using an acoustic method and a commonly accepted theoretical approximation, was calculated based on a microscopic study of the samples and the fibre's diameter.
The inductance value was first approximated using an appropriate equation.
In this method, the non-planar crack is first approximated using an equivalent planar crack.
The equations governing the flow past a rotating blade are approximated using an order of magnitude analysis on the spanwise derivatives.
This interaction may be approximated using an FRP-to-concrete bonded joint where the FRP plate is pulled at both ends.
For composite liners consisting of a geomembrane and a clay liner, 3D flow and transport of inorganic chemicals is approximated using an equivalent 1D model for transport through an effective area of transport.
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The spatial domain, 0≤ x≤ L x, is discretised uniformly with grid spacing δ x, and the spatial derivatives are approximated using a central-difference approximation [ 40].
Similar to the implementation given in the original paper, the driving input function was approximated by a spline interpolant, while the delay was approximated using a linear chain approximation (x5,…, x13).
Similar to the implementation given in the original article, the driving input function was approximated by a spline interpolant, while the delay was approximated using a linear chain approximation.
If the distribution of MPD values for a particular tree can be reasonably approximated using a skew-normal distribution, calculating the skewness analytically would enable us to remove this bias and improve the accuracy of P value estimates.
Each scale variable is approximated using a meshfree method.
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