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Importantly, the majority (∼75%) of EYFP+ cells were PTF1A-negative at this dose of TM, indicating that activation of EYFP provides an approximate surrogate for deletion of Ptf1a.
We assume that because patients present with late-stage HIV infection, baseline CD4 count is an approximate surrogate for nadir CD4 cell count.
The patient's AST score on the prediction date reflects the patient's asthma control level, and hence can be an approximate surrogate for the environmental variables in the previous seven days assuming they have a non-trivial influence on asthma control.
Additionally, serial measurements of CA19-9 are frequently performed for prognostic purposes, for gauging disease relapse and activity, and for monitoring patients undergoing therapy as an approximate surrogate for response.
A sub-analysis also examined outcomes for those with Portuguese last names (as an approximate surrogate for Cape Verdean ethnicity) to better assess differences between this group and the remainder of the study population.
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If we consider a prevalence rate of consultations for asthma as an approximate surrogate measure of asthma prevalence rate, comparisons with other previous studies may be made.
The improved LS technique is a novel methodology for reliability and sensitivity analysis of high dimensionality and low probability problem with implicit limit state function, and it does not require any approximating surrogate of the implicit limit state equation.
Constructing an approximate surrogate model of the joint responses can lead to a significant reduction of computational efforts.
This might be due to the fact that Impute2 samples a fixed number of haplotypes (default settings are 80 for reference and 500 for target) from approximated surrogate family members, regardless of the number of haplotypes in the reference group [ 19].
Our data allow us to identify a single SNP that effectively tags low, medium, and high-copy number states, which can therefore act as a convenient surrogate for approximate DEFA1A3 gene copy number in high-throughput studies.
While this surrogate for detecting genomic gains or losses is approximate and has limitations, the pattern of chromosomal abnormalities detected does not indicate a gross difference in aneuploidy between the renal and bladder-derived UCs [ 30].
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