As a consequence, G (k ) can be considered as an approximate observation drawn from the uniform distribution of all the possible bipartite networks with the same number of nodes, links and degrees as G.
When α = 2, the curve closely approximates observations for the Landes area of France, where planted forests occupying 6% of the national forest area produce 23% of the national removals (AFB, 2012).
A method based on exponential weighting functions is proposed to approximate the observation error profile.
It is demonstrated that (i) the model correctly approximates the observations and (ii) material parameters are independent of strain rate and change consistently with temperature.
The only difference between the two methods is the mathematical model used: Method:LMS fits the data with a 6D polynomial model, whereas Method:MODE approximates the observations with one single scalar constant, i.e. a 1D mathematical model.
The isotropic Hillert's model of grain growth which is more suitable for soap froth has been frequently used to establish these distributions with the hope of approximating experimental observations.
Alternatively, if we care more about how much the reconstructed luminance approximates real observation rather than the sparsity of e, then it would be more natural to reformulate Eq. 8 as min_{mathbf{n},mathbf{e}}lVert{mathbf{y} - mathbf{L}mathbf{n} - mathbf{e}}rVert_{2} quad mathrm{s.t.} quad lVert{mathbf{e}}rVert_{0} leq s, (9).
The numerical model is first tested against published experimental observations, approximate analytical solutions and empirical design formulae for the cases of pure overflow and pure overtopping.
Simulation approximated the experimental observations and indicated that what was observed experimentally as runaway eventually achieved stable periodic operation, but at high bed temperatures.
The process of testing and retesting to approximate consistency of observation can be applied to a variety of data, be it observational material or survey findings (Schensul et al., 2013, p.5). Ethnographers may use surveys and other instruments to test concepts and theories derived from other fields or from 'outsider' observation.
