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As for the kind of problems the test-takers had in both modes of assessment, the raters emphasized that the test-takers generally faced some difficulties which were related to making the appropriate inference, grammar, comprehension, and appropriateness and relevance of the answer.
In order to pursue this possibility further, we revisit the unbiasedness hypothesis using more appropriate inference procedures.
For many large complex surveys the Rao Scott corrections to the standard chi-squared (or likelihood ratio) statistic provide appropriate inference.
However, commonly used field and analytical approaches may not provide appropriate inference or sensitivity due to assumption violations and differences in the proportion of the population exposed to sampling.
Normality tests are needed to enable the choice of appropriate inference test to be used in the second step of the evaluation.
The appropriate inference from these results is that, if all the participants' or candidates' beauty increases by the same amount, the impacts of differences in their looks remain unaltered.
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Correct statistical design reduces bias and improves generalizability, and correct analysis leads to appropriate inferences.
Models of academic listening ability indicate that two skills are crucial, identifying factual information and making appropriate inferences (e.g., Aryadoust, Goh, & Kim, 2012; Rost, 2011).
In contrast, four-year-olds are able to make appropriate inferences about shared items, but they typically prefer to count those items if they are visible.
More culturally appropriate inferences are, however, possible: that Chinese students would use brushes as efficiently as we use pens and pencils, and that since the test required years of preparation, only a select few would take it -- which, in fact, was the case.
When information is mapped onto diagram components in accordance with these natural affordances, people are faster and more accurate at drawing appropriate inferences (e.g., Hurley and Novick [2010]).
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