This includes appropriate consideration for exposure assessment, study population identification, choice of appropriate comparison population, mapping resolution, interpretation, and so forth.
These curves may bolster causal inference and identify thresholds of harm or appropriate targets for exposure reduction.
Research is needed to confirm and clarify these links, using the most appropriate methodologies for exposure assessment and control of confounders.
An important question, though, is whether or not elevated IgG3 responses to P. falciparum schizont antigen are an appropriate proxy for exposure to malaria infection.
An assumption of these proximity models is that nearness to the emission source is an appropriate surrogate for exposure (Jerrett et al. 2005).
Using Equation 1, the EDI for each exposure pathway is calculated by identifying appropriate values for exposure parameters (e.g., concentration, ingestion rate, body weight, exposure frequency, exposure duration) for the two age groups.
Experimental studies that use arsenic concentrations relevant to human exposures, and high-quality prospective epidemiologic studies that use appropriate methods for exposure assessment as well as rigorous criteria for outcome definitions should be research priorities.
The analysis would then combine the individual-level and the group-level comparisons, with appropriate adjustments for exposure measurement errors, and would test for compatibility between the two levels of analysis, e.g., to determine whether the associations at the individual level can account for the differences in disease rates between groups.
We concluded that rodents may not be appropriate models for exposure to the class of PCBs discussed in the article and suggested that previous research using rodent models to predict the effects of these PCBs on humans may need to be re-evaluated in light of our findings.
Although this shorter buffer distance might be appropriate for assessing exposure to other pesticides, it does not appear to be sufficient for assessing exposure to fumigants, which are likely to drift much further away from the application site (Honaganahalli and Seiber 2000; Li et al. 2005; Woodrow and Krieger 2007).
