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There are a variety of approaches to adjust measured confounders to create comparison groups of patients with similar characteristics, such as propensity scores, stratification, matching, and regression (Austin 2011; Stuart 2010; Glass et al. 2013).
This paper introduces four approaches to adjust for model bias and errors in order to provide greater confidence for their use in estimating future concentrations as well as using modeled pollutant concentrations in exposure assessments.
Despite its common use in cancer treatment, radiotherapy has not yet entered the era of precision medicine, and there have been no approaches to adjust dose based on biological differences between or within tumours.
Total and age-specific prevalence of ILI attributed to nH1N1 were estimated using two approaches to adjust for background ILI: discounting by ILI prevalence in less affected NYC boroughs and by ILI measured in syndromic surveillance data from 2004 2008.
This might be explained by the difference in approaches to adjust POP levels for lipids.
48 Twenty five studies used multivariable approaches to adjust for the association between delirium and mortality.
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We considered 3 different approaches to adjusting for meteorological variables (no adjustment; adjustment assuming linear relationships; and a semiparametric regression approach with P-splines to allow for nonlinear relationships between meteorological covariates and mortality).
Even though we are confident that we were able to identify most of them and perform an appropriate adjustment, several approaches to adjusting the data are possible.
Two of the most common approaches to adjusting for missing data are complete-case analysis and mean-based imputation.
Therefore, each study should evaluate alternate approaches to adjusting for missing data and select the approach with the best performance for that dataset.
Conversely, alternative approaches to adjusting the uncertainty distribution for example, ignoring negative values or centering the distribution on zero distort the distribution.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com