Reason for optimism comes after several different approaches have yielded promising results.
These bioinformatics-based approaches have yielded many insights into the underlying mechanisms.
These approaches have yielded striking responses in small subsets of patients with solid tumors, most notably those with melanoma.
The advances in mouse genetic manipulation approaches have yielded numerous recent examples of OS models that show high fidelity to the human disease.
A number of such early targeted approaches have yielded success in treating breast cancer, demonstrating the critical need for molecular diagnostics in this disease.
In the context of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), fragment-based approaches have yielded fragment hits with mid-μM activity in an in vitro activity assay, as well as fragment hits that are active against drug-resistant variants of RT.
While all of these approaches have yielded important insights, each suffers from some disadvantages.
Several early successes have generated enthusiasm that such hypothesis-free massive-testing methods may succeed [3], whereas many years of candidate gene approaches have yielded limited, and largely irreproducible postulated associations [4].
Unfortunately, these approaches have yielded few new drugs [ 6, 7].
Different studies and approaches have yielded very different estimates of s for amino acid mutations.
