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Our statistical approach first estimates the variance, or measurement noise, for each input sample in the raw image using a noise model.
One effective approach first estimates river stage from satellite-measured inundation area based on the inundation area-river stage relationship (IARSR), and then the estimated river stage is used to compute river discharge based on the stage-discharge rating (SDR) curve.
This approach first estimates the probability of incurring any cost and subsequently models the amount of cost conditional on having incurred any cost [ 9].
As detailed in Law et al. (2014), the voom approach first estimates the precision weights based on the inverse variance, then applies the limma empirical Bayes pipeline taking the precision weights as prior information to account for the unequal variabilities in RNA-seq data.
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We used a two-stage approach; first estimate the rates, then examine how these factors may affect these rates.
For comparison, when using a two-step approach, first estimating IRT model parameters in Multilog and then estimating latent scores for each individual (correlation between sum score and IRT estimate: 0.98), the results showed twin correlations nearly identical to those based on sum scores.
We present a statistical approach, first to estimate the uncertainties of the actual measured parameters of a torsional oscillation, and second to analyse the propagation of these errors when calculating the dynamic viscosity.
Thus, for estimation using the adaptive penalty approach, we first estimate (a) (hat{Theta }_L), (hat{Phi }_L) and (hat{tau }_L) using penalized MLE and L-curve approach.
We therefore take an indirect approach, by first estimating age-wealth profiles of the living, and then deriving age-wealth profiles at death4.
We applied a production function approach to first estimate the monetary value of the impact of the pollution, which is then used as reference point for establishing a reserve price for pollution permits.
First, we have exploited the smoothing technique in our method, which improves the estimation of the correlation matrix; Second and more importantly, both ESPRIT-1 and ESPRIT-2 derive the CFO or DOA for each user by an indirect approach: they first estimate multiple CFO or DOA values separately for each occupied subcarrier of each user, and then combine them as the final result.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com