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MDFT and TAU do not differ in assessments and in general procedures such as therapists working in a team; applying substance use urine tests; communication with referral sources and authorities; and occasional referral to additional treatments to deal with psychiatric co-morbidity and medication.
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Although findings from formative research and qualitative data in the study area [16] found that this was a common reason, there may be other reasons for applying substances to the cord that would have been missed by the specificity of this question, and would mean the reported frequency of applying substances to the cord in this study is likely to have been lower than was actually the case.
One hundred and three respondents reported applying substances to the cord; most commonly oil (20%) and herbs (15%).
A number of closely related reasons were given for applying substances on the cord (Table 2).
There was extensive care given to the umbilical cord including massage and/or applying substances, as well as a variety of practices to keep the baby warm.
The prevalence of the practice of applying substances on the cord in Ethiopia ranks is high compared to levels in Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan [ 7, 10, 12].
In these settings, applying substances such as mustard oil, Nebanol powder (neomycin sulphate + bacitracin zinc preparation), spirit (ethyl alcohol), homeopathic medicines and belay sindoor (vermilion powder) are common.
The perception that the cord is moist in the first one or two days after birth was why some respondents in Amhara and Oromia delayed applying substances on it (Table 2).
(Woman from Korail) After cutting the cord, women reported cleaning the umbilical stump and its surrounding area, applying substances to the umbilical stump, and providing heat massage on and around the stump.
The desire to loosen up and promote healing of the skin at the point where the cord will drop off was a recurring reason for applying substances to the base of the cord.
The heating effect produced is therefore entirely fuelled by the body itself, not by any extra energy coming from the applied substance.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com