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Relative quantification [ 60] of miRNA expression levels derived from profiling experiments was tested for significant differences by applying significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) [ 61] which uses permutation.
The significant differentially expressed genes were identified for multiple comparisons after applying significance cut-offs (adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05 and absolute (fold-change) ≥ 2, or ≤ 2).
Applying significance tests to the subset of communes with attribute data, there was no significant difference in the mean degree of the nodes of Network 2 and 3 between the ones infected during at least one of the epidemic waves or in any single one (Table 4).
Applying significance analysis of microarray to the combined set of our 5 pairs of ULM and matched myometria and the GSE593 data, we identified 2674 probe sets (1,117 up- and 1,557 down-modulated) that were significantly different between ULMs and matched myometrium controls (Figure S1).
Applying significance thresholds calculated in this manner produced essentially the same results as those obtained by the imputation method.
The contradiction between what has been conceptually recommended and the common practice is sensibly less acute in the area of Epidemiology and Public Health, but the same pattern was evident everywhere in the mechanical way of applying significance tests.
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Note that a very efficient solution for this problem is the so-called significance-aware EPFES (SA-EPFES) proposed in [19], where the NLMS algorithm (to estimate the linear component of the AEC scenario) is combined with the EPFES (to estimate the loudspeaker signal distortions) by applying significance-aware (SA) filtering.
Therefore, the sum of the variance weighted squared residuals (h) need to be below 5.99 to exclude significant measurement errors (with an applied significance level of α = 0.05).
We applied Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) [97] to identify statistically significant genes in each case.
Post hoc analysis with Wilcoxon signed-rank tests was conducted with Bonferroni correction applied (significance level set at P < 0.0125) to test for significant difference in perceived safety of probiotics compared to other foods/products.
The theoretical and applied significance of these findings are discussed.
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