For clinicians to meet the challenges of patient management, data on AED performance based on clearly defined and consistently applied outcome measures are needed.
In addition, many previous studies on job strain and depression have applied outcome measures with uncertain diagnostic validity, for example self-reported symptoms.
So, for example, disciplines like nanomedicine are considered more sensitive than, say, ethnology or sociology, because it is in a way easier to frame their applied outcomes in terms of the oppositional pair "undesired/desired outcomes".
One should bear in mind that as such, scientific research does not produce applied outcomes to the same extent as solely industrial R&D does, as well as it varies across scientific disciplines (Frenken 2002).
Coping and self-efficacy are applied outcomes of the above but unfortunately data were limited and mostly negative.
Collectively these studies, working at the interface between metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, demonstrate the positive fundamental and applied outcomes derived from such research.
Can we directly apply outcomes from faculty-development programs in other science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines or is teaching college biology unique in important ways?
Indeed, current PRO development guidelines recommend that instrument design start by defining a clear 'conceptual framework', developed with input from key clinical opinion leaders' who have experience understanding patient perspectives and a good understanding of applied outcomes research [ 68, 69].
There may be similar opportunities to apply outcomes from this in other locations around the world and this study contributes to discussions on what constitute apposite instruments for this type of research.
