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Due to the low river level and inability to apply irrigation, the groundwater depth on the adjacent agricultural flood plain also declined substantially (1 1.5 m) and the alluvial clay subsoils dried and cracked.
Intelligent irrigation technologies have been developed in recent years to apply irrigation to turf and landscape plants.
8 and 9 are reliable (the Fig. 11 shows that status of these parameters is suitable in Africa and they have the least impact on poor irrigation in Africa based on the Fig. 12, it means that rural population, labor force, and lack of appropriate performance in rainfed agriculture because of drastic water deficit, could not encourage governments and/or farmers to apply irrigation systems).
Due to the government's awareness of the scarcity of water, the MOA implemented several measures to encourage farmers to apply irrigation water saving techniques.
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Moreover, the applied irrigation water was fully consumed by the plant in case of short IPED.
There were no statistical differences in yield within any year related to total applied N. The yearly applied irrigation water increased as the plant size increased.
In present study, VAFI technique dominantly saved applied irrigation water by 30.2% against only a 13% reduction in safflower seed yield that was not statistically significant among treatments.
The effectiveness of reduced applied irrigation volumes, sealing of earthen irrigation canals, rotational fallowing of cultivated land, reduced fertilizer loading, and enhanced riparian buffer zones, implemented individually as well as concurrently in various combinations, is explored.
Irrigation requirements can be estimated taking into account different scenarios of cropping pattern, climatic conditions (from dry to wet year), applied irrigation method, volume of water available for irrigation and hydraulic characteristics of the water distribution system.
The highest irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) values of about 56 kg ha−1 m−3 and 42 kg ha−1 m−3 were obtained from the conditions with least applied irrigation water amounts.
The highest irrigation water use efficiency was found in the moisture tension treatment of −30 kPa with an increase of 27 kg ha−1 ears for each millimeter of applied irrigation water.
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