Arnberg and Bjorner (2007) apply cross-section and panel data techniques to a dataset of 903 Danish industrial firms for 1993 and the period from 1995 to 1997.
Arnberg and Bjorner (2007) apply cross-section and panel data techniques to a dataset of Danish firms, and Tamminen and Tuomaala (2012) estimate substitution elasticities for 71 sectors employing a large panel of service and manufacturing firms from Finland.
To allow for spatial heterogeneity we then apply Time Series Cross Section (TSCS) Granger causality tests for each of the eight analysed countries separately.
Because the compressive stress is developed by the flexural action of the beam and the prestress applied to the cross section, the shear capacity is defined as a function of the flexural deformation and the prestress applied to the cross section.
Chickens were divided into 12 sections and the heat transfer model was applied to each cross section.
To our knowledge, this is the first time this methodology has been applied to a cross section of Latin American countries.
The model takes into account a number of features, such as material nonlinearity, gap formation and interwire contact and it may be applied to cross-section design and verification.
Although some studies applied AFM cross-section profile to analyze the height of object [28 30], it is believed that AFM topography histogram can better represent the average height change of pattern areas in the present work due to the protein film, which is immobilized on the chemical patterns, exhibiting an "unflat" surface.
A full Bayesian CAR model with covariates was applied for cross-section years 1983 , 1988 and 1993 (Appendix 2).
Although this usually applies to cross-section studies, there is no reason the potential bias could not be assessed for both studies.
To further understand how steam explosion pretreatment may affect wood chips, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to cross-sections from various locations in the untreated, as well as the 4- and 18-min pretreated poplar chip samples, with selected images shown in Fig. 7.
