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However, in order to take into account the considerable number of comparisons tested (with 4 positions giving 4×3 = 12 possible combinations) and to avoid spurious positives, it seems necessary to apply a lowered threshold (in our case: p<0.001) for statistical analysis of coupling results (for a similar approach see [28] [30]).
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Have we reached the stage where we would apply a lower set of safeguards to migrants than we might apply to ourselves?
The shadow chancellor said the "patent box", which enables companies to apply a lower rate of corporation tax on patented innovations, was a "potential tax loophole with limited impact on research".
First they do it the regular way, and then they calculate it again, and apply a lower tax rate, without being able to take advantage of a substantial number of exemptions.
More enlightened states impose such a duty on brokers who give advice, but some states apply a lower standard.
Alternatively, Saint-Paul (2007) suggests to apply a lower tax rate to supplemental hours worked, regardless of the gender.
In this paper, refining a concept means to apply a lower (restriction of a concept) or an upper (relaxation of a concept) approximation.
The first step of electrochemical etching was to apply a lower anodic current density to form self-organized mesoporous silicon with a small pore diameter (≤4.5 nm).
She added: "However, this presents the Scottish government with a superb opportunity to counter this damaging decision by the UK government and apply a lower increase to Scottish business rates next year".
In contrast to the high burden of proof in criminal court where evidence must prove a fact beyond a reasonable doubt, most civil courts like the CICB apply a lower standard called the balance of probabilities.
These problems can in part be mitigated by applying a proper degree of diffusion weighting: if DWI is used with the aim to detect liver lesions, it is highly recommended to apply a lower b-value (e.g. a b-value between 10 and 50 s/mm) instead of a b-value of 500 s/mm.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com