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The IMOP has been applied to waste management problems (Table 7).
This economic technology, as applied to waste material, also provides many benefits to the local agro-industry.
It can be applied to waste heat recovery of unsteady heat sources, such as exhaust gas of automobile engines.
Due to the limitation of solution algorithms, the current interval nonlinear programming applied to waste management usually focuses on relatively simple nonlinear expressions (Table 8).
Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) present good potential applications for the conversion of low level thermal energy into electrical power, especially applied to waste heat recovery systems.
During the past several decades, various inexact programming methods were applied to waste management; they were mainly categorized as stochastic mathematical programming (SMP), fuzzy mathematical programming (FMP), interval-parameter mathematical programming (IMP), and combinations of these methods (Singh [2012]).
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High oil prices and ethanol subsidies in the late 2000s led to a resurgence of interest in renewable energies, and the last decade has seen engineering techniques applied to waste-to-fuel for the first time, such as small-scale, temperature-regulated Fischer-Tropsch, small-scale gasification and supercritical water pyrolysis.
The Clean Water Act of 1972 largely regulates only chemicals or contaminants that move through pipes or ditches, which means it does not typically apply to waste that is sprayed on a field and seeps into groundwater.
REACH requirements for substances, mixtures and articles do not apply to waste itself.
One of the major drivers in wind, solar and fuel cells has been investment tax credits, which do not apply to waste facilities.
As Article 2(2) of REACH provides that "waste as defined in Directive 2006/12/EC is not a substance, mixture or article within the meaning of Article 3 of this Regulation" REACH requirements for substances, mixtures and articles do not apply to waste.
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