The phrase "applied to the backbone" is correct and usable in written English.
It can be used in contexts discussing technology, biology, or structural elements where something is being implemented or integrated into a central or foundational component.
Example: "The new software features are applied to the backbone of the system to enhance its performance."
Alternatives: "integrated into the core" or "implemented in the framework".
The exclusion of the solvent exchange step yields soft mechanically fragile porous gels with structural limitations upon carbonization at high temperature in inert atmosphere, due to the surface tensions applied to the backbone during the evolution of volatiles.
Cooperative formation of α and β structures provided native-topology structures with the smallest backbone rmsd, 3.27 Å, to the NMR structure, although such structures were minority even when a knowledge-based force field was applied to the backbone dihedral potentials.
An elastic network model (ENM) was applied to the backbone particles of the protein.
For the first 250 ps, a harmonic restraining force of 4.0 kcal mol−1 Å−2 was applied to the backbone atoms.
The side chains were then relaxed using several sequential minimizations with the force constants applied to the backbone atoms being decreased in each run.
To maintain the integrity of the secondary structure of the CG protomers, an internal elastic network was applied to the backbone beads of each residue, according to their secondary structure, as described in ref (17).
The equilibration was continued for another 10 ns with the harmonic restrain applied to the protein backbone only.
In the equilibration, 1 fs time step was used and harmonic positional restraints of a force constant of 1 kcal/mol/Å were initially applied to the protein backbone atoms.
To overcome stability problems, chemical modifications such as phosphorothioate or methyl phosphonate are often applied to the nucleotide backbones [ 15].
We observed a clear improvement of binding with increasing GAG sulfation independently of the constraints applied to the IL-8 backbone.
Coupling constants measured from H−P HMBC spectra were applied to the Karplus relationship 74) to determine the backbone dihedral angle ε (C4′− C3′− O3′−P), related to the H3′− C3′− O3′−P angle by a 120° shift.
