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D1 BUSINESS DAY C1-20 Bush Imposes STariffsriffs President Bush applied tariffs of up to 30percentt on most types of steel imported into the United States from Europe, Asia and South America.
rules to raise applied tariffs up to their maximum levels.
First, applied tariffs are often lower than the bound tariffs, providing governments with substantial policy flexibility.
We model the trade-off between discipline and flexibility in the design of trade agreements, and argue that recognizing this trade-off is the key to explain the observed patterns in the tariff binding commitments and applied tariffs under the WTO.
Applied tariffs are therefore a better guide to protection than formal WTO commitments, but there is a risk that they may be increased abruptly.
For example, Nigeria's bound tariff on most agricultural goods is 150%, and few industrial tariffs are bound at all; its applied tariffs now average 23%, but they have changed frequently in the past few years.In addition, "average" tariffs can hide as much as they reveal.
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In 2008 the average applied tariff was 3.5% in America and 9.6% in China.
Table 8 Current applied tariff rates of TPP members.
These four countries vary in terms of liberalization and applied tariff rates.
Figure 1 points out that the average applied rate of the TPP members is relatively low, except for Mexico and Vietnam whose average applied tariff rate is more than 5%.
However, there are difficulties involved, not least because of the differences between bound rates (the policy variable considered in WTO schedules of concessions) and applied tariff rates.
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