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The CEFR's non-prescriptive scheme and illustrative descriptors make it flexible and internationally applicable, but as is mentioned in the introduction part, in order to increase the efficiency of English language teaching and assessment practice in China, a unified English language ability scale would serve as a standard which can be prescriptively applied off the shelf.
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If algorithms are to be applied off-the-shelf, a strategy for guarding against bogus predictions is to employ a wide variety of algorithms that train on different features of the data (e.g., correlation [28], mutual information [29] [32], synergy [33], etc)., then merge the results to gain confidence in the predictions.
The following steps are only applied off-line: the computation of the mean characteristics U h, μ h for each of the 11 hand postures h is performed by PCA, which relies on the computation of leading singular vectors.
A polynomial least-square fit is applied off-line on the 128 experimental velocity points, and the resulting profile is used to evaluate the gradient with respect to radius.
A 30 Hz digital low pass filter was applied off-line to the continuous EEG data.
Prognostics also can be applied off-line regardless of the operation time of the monitored system.
Of course, now we know it applies off the ice, as well.
That's work that applies off the mat, too.
This approach to HDR capture is very robust and can be applied to off-the-shelf consumer cameras [4].
However, Polanyi (1966) considered that tacit knowledge applied to all aspect of scientific research and Collins has argued that it even applies to off-the-shelf consumer appliances supplied with instruction manuals, such as bread machines (Ribeiro and Collins, 2007).
After applying, scrub off the old paint with a wire brush.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com