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The applied heater geometry results in faster recovery at a cost of reduced power consumption.
Based on thermal transport hardware and software, it was possible to calculate thermal conductivity directly from the applied heater power, resulting ∆T, and sample geometry using the equation: k=frac{Pl}{Sleft {T}_2-{T}_1right)} (1 where k is the thermal conductivity (W/Km), P is applied heater power (W), l is the height of measured sample (m) and S is the cross sectional area of sample (m2).
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Experimental characterization of the hotplates was carried out by various techniques; the average hotplate temperature was deduced from the resistance of the applied Pt heater and verified by micro-melting point measurements.
The current applied to the heater was 0.6 A, and the applied energy was 2700 J.
Once a known voltage is applied to the heater, the thermal conductivity of liquid drop that spreads over the heater and the temperature sensors can be determined from the measured temperature responses at different radial locations.
Once a known voltage is applied to the heater, the thermal diffusivity of the liquid drop that spreads over the heater and the temperature sensors can be determined from the measured temperature responses of the temperature sensors.
For this purpose the operating temperature of a single commercial SnO2 gas sensor is modulated using sinusoidal voltage applied to the heater.
When a 0.4 V/20 μs pulse voltage was applied to the heater elements, their resistance reached a steady maximum value in about 4 5 μs, i.e. the temperature rise was saturated promptly.
Electric power is applied to the heater results in the temperature indicated by the calibration curve shown in Fig. 3.
The heat power was applied from the heater mounted on the hot platform in order to create a user-specified temperature gradient between the two thermometers mounted on cold and hot platforms.
After leaving the actuator at each respective temperature for 30 min, 24 VDC was applied to the heater, which resulted in the working fluid being heated in 180 s.
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