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Au was applied as a barrier layer to prevent interdiffusion between the Ni layer, employed as a catalyst material, and the Ti substrate, and the effect of the Au layer according to thickness on the CNT growth was investigated.
The highest efficiency of 7.16% is achieved for the bi-layer NC-MC-2 DSSCs when the MC-2 is applied as a scattering layer on top of the nanocrystalline underlayer.
An acrylic top coat was then applied as a barrier layer against corrosive species (passive protection).
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films are applied as a protective layer in phase-change optical discs due to their high hardness, low friction and high optical transmission.
The pigment, dispersed in Plextol, was applied as a painted layer on a glass substrate.
When applied as a thick layer however, the colors of these lake pigments become very dark, and hence they can be used in dark outlines or shadows.
Each sperm sample was then promptly pelleted, re-suspended in low melt agarose at 37C, and applied as a uniform layer on glass slides.
Functioning as a mechanical barrier during the healing process, Intercoat® is applied as a single layer at the end of the procedures.
When a barrier substance is applied as a single layer to traumatized tissue this temporary barrier helps to promote the healing process.
In order to improve the protection provided by the cerium conversion coating an additional ZrO2 sol gel coating was applied as a top-layer.
ZnS is also applied as an emitter layer in thin-film photovoltaic devices.
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