The application of this understanding in response to the challenges is accomplished by systems engineering.
The application of this understanding is prediction of the likelihood of occurrence of injury to human health or to undesirable alteration of ecological balance.
The key to application of this understanding is appropriately designed dose-response and time-response studies which will, with appropriate consideration of biological mechanisms, allow prediction of conditions of exposure (and their confidence limits) that represent finite levels of risk of injury.
Examples are given of applications of this understanding and modelling capability that have led to, or have the potential to lead to, significant impacts on sugarcane farming system design, practice and policy.
Potential applications of this understanding include building a framework for incorporating mechanistic data into cancer risk assessment, developing effective screening tools to detect the carcinogenic potential of environmental chemicals (including mixtures), engineering safer products, and designing more effective multi-target therapeutics.
The "real world" application of this physiologic understanding in the learning environment remains elusive.
That is the motivation for this week's Arctic Science Ministerial, hosted at the White House, which marks the first time science ministers from around the world are convening to focus on collaborative approaches to advance scientific understanding of this rapidly changing region and the application of that understanding to policy, action and national decisions regarding commercial activity.
All of these activities discovery, scientific understanding, and the application of that understanding to serve human purposes are elements of space exploration.
Stewart M. Gray, professor of plant pathology, for distinguished contributions to our understanding of the relationship among viruses, vectors and hosts, and application of that understanding to benefit humankind.
Note that we use the word knowledge to mean not just information (data), but also tools to improve understanding and application of that understanding.
I will share several vignettes about our application of this approach toward understanding the molecular recognition of protein systems: Src homology 3 domain recognition of proline-rich motifs, cytochrome P450cam regioselectivity, and plastocyanin recognition by cytochrome f.
