It was the first major application of discoveries in electrical science and one of the first technologies with a firm scientific foundation.
The high degree of similarity in the protein coding genes between zebrafish and humans promotes the application of discoveries in zebrafish to humans; functional analaysis of the novel zebrafish miRNAs will have implications in understanding their role in humans.
The first part in the translation process is the application of discoveries from the basic laboratory and pre-clinical studies to the development of clinical trials in humans (i.e., stages T1 and T2).
Translational medical research is defined as "the application of discoveries generated by laboratory research and preclinical studies to the development of clinical trials and studies in humans and a second area of translational research concerns enhancing the adoption of best practices" in MeSH [ 4].
The applications of discovery metabolomics greatly benefit the elucidation of molecular mechanisms involved in biotic or abiotic stress, phytomedicines quality control analysis and drug discovery from natural sources (Nakabayashi and Saito, 2015; Jorge et al., 2015; Mahrous and Farag et al., 2015).
Applications of discovery metabolomics in nutritional research can include three main areas: identification of dietary biomarkers, study of diet-related diseases and identification of biomarkers of disease and application to dietary intervention studies as a tool to identify molecular mechanisms (Gibbons et al., 2015).
As global visibility of the disease burden associated with preterm births and stillbirths improves, one of the emerging challenges will be to improve translational applications of discovery science research to LMICs [ 31] and to improve investment in discovery research capacity and investigators in LMICs [ 32].
There are spinoffs too: training of students, development of technologies to undertake experiments and applications of discoveries themselves.
Even when the connection between discovery and clinical treatment is direct, application of the discovery might require decades.
Clinical application of the discovery could be very close, Dr. Einstein said.
