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We define a function {HS}=g(sH) which allows, starting from a spin configuration sH produced by the application of a field history from saturation state, to obtain the set of reversal fields {HS} which are actually stored in the state and that if applied as a field history will reproduce the original state.
The Fredericks transition is fundamental to the operation of many liquid crystal displays because the director orientation (and thus the properties) can be controlled easily by the application of a field.
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The theory is an application of topology, a field of mathematics that deals with the shapes of surfaces.
A paper published by MacDonald et al. [140] described application of a light field to study the effect on kinetic motion of dielectric particles (see Fig. 7).
For example, Shin et al. (161) used this function to examine the movement of ferroelectric domain walls by the application of a polarizing field in PbTiO3 and BaTiO3.
Figure 7 and Supplementary Movie 1 show the domain structure during in situ application of a magnetic field opposite the initialization direction.
The Hall effect, known since 1879, describes how application of a magnetic field perpendicular to a current-carrying wire creates a voltage across the wire, because the field causes all the electrons to bunch up on one side.
Moreover, we derive the probability distribution function of wire length and study their mechanisms of reorientations under the application of a magnetic field.
Alignment can also be achieved by the application of a magnetic field.
The application of a magnetic field aligns the edge polarities, achieving global FM ordering.
IRM (isothermal remanent magnetization) results from the application of a magnetic field at a constant (isothermal) temperature, often room temperature.
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